Delirium is a condition characterized by a disturbance in consciousness and cognition, usually with an acute onset and fluctuating course. In patients with chronic liver disease, delirium is a common complication, particularly in those with advanced liver disease.
The development of delirium in chronic liver disease is often multifactorial and can be due to a range of factors including hepatic encephalopathy, electrolyte imbalances, infection, medications, and alcohol withdrawal.
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common cause of delirium in chronic liver disease. HE occurs when the liver is unable to metabolize toxins such as ammonia, leading to an accumulation of these toxins in the bloodstream and brain. This can result in a range of neurological symptoms, including confusion, altered mental status, and delirium.
Other factors that can contribute to the development of delirium in chronic liver disease include electrolyte imbalances (such as hyponatremia), infections (such as urinary tract infections or pneumonia), medication side effects, and alcohol withdrawal.
Treatment of delirium in chronic liver disease involves identifying and addressing the underlying cause, as well as supportive measures such as hydration, nutrition, and medications to control symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required for close monitoring and management.
